An Index to the Historical Place Names of Cornwall
Important Notice
Due to the ever-increasing size and complexity of this index, and following discussions with Oliver Padel regarding this and other matters, I have found it necessary to revise the index so that rather than each historical variant having its own entry the revised version will contain a main entry for the current variant, with all references to historical variants given within that entry, and individual entries for historical variants will merely point to these current variants. Obviously some settlements have disappeared and the 'current' form for these will be the latest or that considered most representative. Most of the notes below will still apply to the index, the main difference being that given above. All forms are now listed chronologically below the references and are given in italics, though those forms considered to be erroneous or that are in need of verifying are not italicised. It is estimated that the revision will take approximately one year so please bear with me as until the revision is complete both formats will be featured here. The revision should make the index much more user-friendly for the majority of folk, though some of the advantages for those working professionally in archives will necessarily disappear. Please note that I have been informed by Oliver Padel as to the high proportion of errors to be found in Gover's Place Names of Cornwall and, having checked a number of the entries in this work against the original sources cited for them by Gover, I have found that about one third of those I have checked so far contain errors of some description. Gover's other works are still in need of checking. Some of the variants given within the publications of Peter Pool and others who have used Gover as a source would therefore also need to be verified before accepting these as accurate and work is underway to address this problem. The index will, where possible, be upated over the following months to reflect any findings with respect to this.
Introduction to Original Version
This index is very much a work in progress and will undoubtedly take many years to complete. Most entries are therefore likely to be updated or amended. Place names are primarily included for the purposes of identifying locations given in print, and in maps and manuscripts available to the public, and do not necessarily imply any validity of usage or of spelling, and do not imply that the original source was correct in the information given; though where mistakes are identified comment will be given in editorial brackets. Dates given here are not implied to be the earliest occurrence of that spelling, but are simply the earliest reference found at this current stage of gathering, and many are likely to be updated.
The parishes given here are the ancient ecclesiastical parishes as the vast majority of historical references to place names are given in this way. Where a location exists in a modern post-mediæval parish, the name of this will be given in brackets after the name of the ancient parish. Many entries will need updating in this respect and such assignations should become clearer as more information is added. Modern civil parishes and other secular divisions will be given their own entries in the index; and where a place exists in a civil parish with a different name to the ecclesiastical parish the civil parish will be mentioned alongside the relevant reference. Where the only reference to a place name is taken from a modern Ordnance Survey map it may be possible that in some instances the given parish may be erroneous, as these maps give only the boundaries of the civil parishes, although I have attempted to verify the ecclesiastical parish where possible, and this problem should be negated when the early editions of the 6 inch Ordnance Survey maps are added as these do give the boundaries of the ecclesiastical parishes. The 4 figure National Grid Reference for all names taken from modern Ordnance Survey maps will be given, though those that were added at an early stage do not give this, and for these this will be added at a later date.
Where the name given in an original source contains punctuation, and its inclusion under more than one element of that name may cause confusion, then the full name as given in the original source will be given here in quotation marks; this does not imply that the original source contained quotation marks. Many of the names containing such punctuation are taken from the set of Tithe Apportionments held at the Cornwall Record Office, and here I must give profuse thanks to my colleague David Thomas for his transcriptions of these. The enormous amount of work that he has done in this respect is highly appreciated, and without his input this index would be vastly decreased in size. For CRO parish collection references (given as P1, P2 etc to P258) click here for a full list of the reference numbers used along with the subdivisions of these catalogues. Some of the other references for documents at the Cornwall Record Office are from newly catalogued archives, and a few of the variants taken from these will not be recorded elsewhere. Those marked with an * have either been studied firsthand or catalogued by the author; so I must take responsibility for any mistakes in those entries, and many thanks must here be given to my colleagues for pointing out a number of these variants to me, and for their help with some of the more difficult palaeography. Other CRO references have been taken from previously catalogued material, especially those for which an 'alias' or 'otherwise' is given in the description. Some of the CRO documents referenced can be searched for on either the Cornwall Record Office's Online Catalogue or on A2A if more information is required (click here for a help guide to using the A2A database) and the vast majority of the catalogues of the Cornwall Record Office can be found in one or other of these, though the online catalogue should eventually contain the details for all of the CRO's archives. Mention must be made here of the fact that many of the names given in deeds and leases would often be recited directly from previous indentures, and in some cases this may artificially extend the period of time for which these names are recorded. Similarly, many writers often used the place names as given in earlier publications; Redding's use of those given in the works of Borlase being an obvious example of this. St has been given here whether the original gives Saint or St as both are used interchangeably and the inclusion of both is therefore deemed unnecessary, although earlier variants have been given, as have those given within Tithe Apportionments and those giving the names of mines.
When a relevant entry has been located it can often prove beneficial to look at the individual entries given for any other historical variants of that particular name (these are given in italics), as extra information is often included with these, and likewise, where a name is composed of more than one element it can sometimes be useful to search under the separate elements of that name as additional related place names may well be discovered in the entries given above and below these. There is every likelihood that there are included variants of the same place name which are not, at present, linked together. Any mistakes in all these respects should be filtered out as more sources are added and updated versions will be uploaded at regular intervals. Ultimately, it is planned to create a further set of indices arranged by parish, an example for the place names of Camborne can be found on the Camborne Old Cornwall Society website, and these should help to eliminate any strays or remaining errors.
With regard to variants of place names taken from the works of authors such as Gover, Padel and Pool: it is understood that these works are still in copyright and that any entries in this index taken from the works of such authors will therefore have to be kept to a minimum. However, the entries taken from such works should eventually be replaced, either by the original sources referenced by those works, or by other documents containing the same variants. Such works are generally produced in order to show the development and mutation of Cornish place names and to give the author's opinion as to the original meaning of those place names, and therefore they give many more earlier variants than later ones; this being necessary to show the author's interpretation of the original meaning. The primary purpose of this index is, as previously stated, to help with the identification of place names as given in historical documentation and where the modern equivalent for that name might not be easily traced, and this is why this index has separate entries for each variant. And although such early variants could easily be searched for in an electronic format such as this, the structure used here does mean that early elements, such as Kaer and Cruc, are grouped together in one place, and also means that even where the variant being searched for has a very slightly different spelling from any given entry it should still be possible to find a probable match, and this would not be possible using the search facility if the index was arranged solely by modern variants without Boolean search techniques being utilised.
This website does have a search facility at the bottom of the home page and this can be of use to those searching for personal names and for finding place names mentioned within the descriptions of other entries, though mention must be made of the fact that the search engine, like Google, will only cache the first 100 kilobytes of any page (the largest of these pages is currently close to 1.1 megabytes), so though the term searched for may not actually show in the results, all pages returned will feature that term, and I recommend using the Ctrl-F function on the individual pages themselves. I have also added, on the 'Site Map, Statistics, Tools and Archive' index page, a link to the A to Z index of every word featured on the whole website and this should, likewise, be of use for searching for personal names and place names; for instance, the names Jenkin, Jenkings, Jenkyns etc will all be fairly close together in this index. The entries on this can be clicked on which will show all pages on which the word is featured. The main index pages on this website, and all of the place names pages, can be found by using the 'Select a page' box at the bottom of each page. The majority of the pages on this website are designed to open into new windows in order to help with cross referencing.
For those of us who prefer to use the printed word rather than the electronic format, a two volume printed version of this index (with almost 24000 variants and 1000 pages) is available for use at the Cornish Studies Library, Cornwall Record Office, and the Courtney Library of the Royal Institution of Cornwall (at the Royal Cornwall Museum) and the Cornwall Library Service have further copies which can be sent to any of the libraries in Cornwall by using their online catalogue. It is though my firm intention that the online version of this index should always be freely available and that it will always be as comprehensive, if not more so, than the printed version. The online version is currently updated with new information approximately once a month whereas a new edition of the printed version, for obvious reasons, will only be produced every couple of years at most.
Abbreviations used
AncD - A Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds (see Bibliography).
BL – British Library.
CA – Cornish Archaeology.
CRO – Cornwall Record Office.
HendCal – Henderson Calendars at the Royal Institution of Cornwall.
HH – Hatfield House.
HLS – Harvard Law School.
JRIC – Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall.
NLW – National Library of Wales.
OC – Old Cornwall.
OS – Ordnance Survey.
PWDRO – Plymouth and West Devon Record Office.
RIC – Royal Institution of Cornwall.
RRIC – Report of the Royal Institution of Cornwall.
SA - Sheffield Archives.
TA – Tithe Apportionment (for the parish in question).
TM – Tithe Map (for the parish in question).
TNA – The National Archives.
TPNHAS – Transactions of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society.
f – folio.
r – recto.
v – verso.
Bibliography
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Greenwood, C and J (1826-7) – Map of the County of Cornwall from an Actual Survey made in the years 1826 & 1827 By C & J Greenwood Most Respectfully Dedicated to the Nobility, Clergy & Gentry of the County By the Proprietors – C Greenwood & Co.
Harris, G, and Harris, F L (eds) (1963) – Essays and Notes on the Rame Peninsula – Typescript, Plymouth Central Library and reference copy at Cornwall Record Office.
Hewitt, C R (1907) – General Index to the Journals and Reports of the Royal Institution of Cornwall from 1818 to 1906 – William Brendon & Son.
Henderson, C (1924-7) – The Topography of Cornwall in Four Volumes: Volume 1, The Hundred of Penwith, Being and Account of the Names of Manors, Tenements, Houses, Fields, Downs, Roads, Hills, Rivers, Islands, Rocks, Tin-Works etc Arranged According to the Parishes in which they lie, together with their Ancient Spellings taken from Original MSS – Manuscript, Royal Institution of Cornwall (Hend.Top.I).
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Henderson, C (1937) – A History of the Parish of Constantine in Cornwall – Royal Institution of Cornwall (edited by G H Doble).
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Hitchins, F and Drew, S (1824) – The History of Cornwall, from the Earliest Records and Traditions, to the Present Time – (2 volumes) William Penaluna.
Howard, A J and Stoate, T L (eds) (1977) – The Devon Muster Roll for 1569 – T L Stoate.
Hull, P L (ed) (1962) – The Cartulary of St. Michael's Mount – Devon & Cornwall Record Society, New Series, Vol 5.
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Kemble, J M (1845) – Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici - Vol 3 – Sumptibus Societatis.
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Glossary of Terms
Stannary Quarter – One of the four divisions of the mining districts of Cornwall (also Stannery).
Hundred – One of the nine administrative divisions of Cornwall.
Deanery – Ecclesiastical equivalent of the hundred, though not always coincident.
District – Modern administrative division of Cornwall of which there are currently six: Penwith, Kerrier, Carrick, Restormel, Caradon and North Cornwall.
Tithing – Originally a system whereby ten neighbours were bound together to uphold each other's good conduct. A tything was subordinate to a parish though generally more dispersed in nature, sometimes with many parcels in various different parishes, and closely linked to the manorial system. Tithings were eventually superceded by the parishes (also Tything).
Manor – A piece of occupied landed property over which a Lord, or Steward, and a private manor court controlled tenancies, local customs, local laws and land use. The size of manors varied, some covered one or more parishes and some would consist of a few small tenements. Some manors were situated within an extra-parochial area, as was the Manor of Tregavethan.
Parish – Originally medieval administrative units, both ecclesiastical and civil, after 1597 ecclesiastical units were separated from civil parishes to serve the ecclesiastical needs of the local community.
Extra-parochial – A specific area not included within any particular parish and which was exempt from parochial obligations. From the mid 19th century they were increasingly incorporated into new or existing civil parishes.
Turn – Division of parish, such as those in St Keverne.
Glebe – Land belonging or yielding revenue to a parish church or ecclesiastical benefice and held by the incumbent.
Barton – The demesne lands of a manor; and sometimes the manor itself. Also applies to a farm attached to a manor, these were sometimes called Home Farm and were generally situated close to the seat of the manor.
Borough – A town with powers of self-governance conferred by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament. Boroughs not attaining Municipal Borough status by the mid 1880's lost their privileges (also burgh, burgus).
Churchtown – The village clustered around the parish church. Most parishes in Cornwall have a churchtown.
Priory – A monastery. In the Benedictine orders a house dependent upon an abbey, and in certain orders, such as the Augustinians or the mendicant orders, any religious house.
Hamlet – Small settlement consisting of a group of houses, usually without a church.
Tenement – A portion of land subject to tenure in common law. The term Capital Tenement was sometimes used when describing a principal property wherein the individual or family lived (also messuage).
Waste – Generally refers to unoccupied or uncultivated land.
Mowhay – A farmyard or enclosure where stacks of hay, cereals and vegetables etc were stored.
Stamps – The machinery used for crushing mineral ores.
Lode – A regular vein of minerals.
Lazar House – Leper hospital.
Fulling Mill – A mill for beating and cleaning cloth, using soap or fullers earth (also Tucking Mill).
Tithe – A division of produce from the land and of other income. Rectorial and vicarial tithes were collected to support a parish priest and maintain his services, and impropriate tithes were those whereby the ecclesiastical revenue, or part of, had been transferred to other individuals. Rectorial or greater tithes were collected on a variety of produce including cereals, wool and fish, and vicarial or lesser tithes were collected on lesser produce. A Rector who was not the incumbent would take a share of the rectorial tithes and the vicar would then have to survive on the vicarial tithe with additional revenue gained from the glebe and the churchyard.
moiety – a half share (also halfendeale).
juxta – next to, adjacent to, situated near to or adjoining (also iuxta).
Selected Cornish Place Name Elements
The – an
And – hag
Great or Large – mear, meer, meor, meour, mere, meur, moer, mur, mure, vaire, veor, vur; bras, brawze, vraze
Small or Little – bean, bian, bichan, bigha, bychan, byghan, byhan, pean, vean, veean, vichan, vighan, vyan, vyghan, vyhan; minis, munys; go-
High – ugh-
Higher or Upper – gwartha, wartha, worra
Middle – craze, crease, cres, graze, grease, gres, kres; parret, parva, perveth
Low – isal, ysal
Lower – collas, goeles, goiles, golas, goles, gollas, gullas, walsh, woeles, woles, wollas, woolas, woollas
Near – orth
Nearer – nessa
Far – bell (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), pell
Further – pella, pellas
New – newth, nooth, noweth, nowith, nowydh, nowyth
Old – hen; coath, coth, goath
Long – heer, heere, hir, hyr
Short – cot (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), cut; berr
Fat or Thick – tew
Wide – ledan, ledden; efan (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Narrow – edn, idden, yn; moan, mon, moon
Square or Angular – pedrak
Round – cren, kern
Rounded or Curved – crobben, crobm, crom
Crooked – cabm, cam, gabben, kamm
Steep – serth, zer
Open or Clear – reeth, ryth
Smooth or Level – leven
Rough – garow
Level – gwastas (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), wastes
Bare – lobm, lom; moel
Burnt – leskys
Hard – cales, gallas
Dry – segh, seth, sygh, zeath
Hidden or Lost – kellis, kellys
Wild or Desolate – enyal
Unoccupied – wase, wast
Sacred or Holy – sans, sant, zance (pl: sent, seynt, synt)
Bottom – stras, straze
Top – bar
Side – barth (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), parth
Head, Top or End – peden, pedn, pen, penn
End or Limit – fyn
Foot – ben, pen
Tail – lost
Edge – ammal
Edge or Point – myn
Point – pig
Brow or Front – tal, tol
Bend or Turn – sten, stim, stum, stumm
Corner – cor, cornel, cornet; sorn; kil
Summit – cop (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); tob, top
Gap – adgy, ajy, aswy; bol, bulgh, bullock, fullock
In – yn
Upon – war
Over – gor-
Under – dadn, dan, yn-dan
Below – is, ys
By – wor, worth
Beside – rab, reb, rop, ryp; ar
Land – teer, tyr, -ter, -der
Ground – dor, nor
Country – bro; gwlas, wlas
Boundary – or (pl: oryon) (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); ammal
Acre – arrow, erow, erra, harry
Mile – myldyr (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Stitch – lean, leen, line, lyn
Plot – ellen, elyl (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); splat
Field – mea, mee, my (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); park (pl: parcow)
Small Field – parkyn
Home-Field – keow
Open Field – mes
Lay Ground – dodden, todden, todn, ton; gwyndon (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Fallow Ground – havrak
Fertile Ground – gwresen (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), raisin
Turbary – torewaith, towarghwyth
Pasture – poor, por, porwels
Summer-Land – havek
Winter Pasture – gwavwels (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Common Ploughland – kevar
Arable Field – gul, gwel, gweal
Wheat-Land – gwanettyr
Cornfield – ysak
Corn-Ground – derese, dor-ys
Oat-Land – curter, kerghtyr
Rye-Field – sugalek
Rye-Ground – sugaldyr
Hemp-Field – canabyer (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Hemp-Land – kewarghtyr, quarter
Flax-Land – lednack, lynek, lyndyr
Enclosure, Hollow or Cleft – gew, gue, gugh, kew (pl: kewyow)
Garden – jarden, jarn; garthen; loar, lowarth, luworth
Kitchen Garden – erbyer
Mineral Ground – monek, munek
Tin-Ground – stenak, stennack
Meadow – pras, praze; buthyn, vethan, vythyn
Meadow or Dale with a Stream – dol (Nance, ? rejected by Padel, 1985)
Dale – tenow, tnou
Heath – res, ros, rose; gruk
Moor – hal
Downs – goen, goon, gun, noon, woen, wone, woon, woyn
Wood or Copse – coose, cos, cot, coys, cuit, cuz, gos, gus, quite
Grove – col, gilly, kelli, kelly, kellywyk, kellywyth
Glade or Clearing – lanergh, lanner
Wilderness – dyfyth (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Hill – brenn, bron, bronn, brown, burn; mena, meneth, mennor, menydh, venner; bray, bre, brea
Hillock – knegh, knogh; peel, pyl (pl: pylyer, pylyow); tolgh (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Ridge – crib (pl: cribow), cryb, greeb, krib; drim, drum, drym, trum; garth; keyn
High Place – bans, bant, bants, vans
Dell or Dingle – coombe, cubm, cum
Dingle or Hollow – bant, pans, pant
Hollow – cow
Pass or Gate – porth
Valley – glyn; lan, lant, nam, nan, nance, nans, nant; tnow
Marsh or Reed Bed – gwern, warne; kenak (pl: canegow, kenegow, kenegy)
Reed-Swamp – gersick, kersek
Neck of Land – codna, conna
Promontory, Slope or Hillside – reen, ryn
Promontory or Headland – penare, penarth, penn-ardh, nare; penn rynn, penryn, preen, pridden; penn tir, pentire; res, ros, rose
Island or Isolated Place – ennis, enys, inis, ninnis, ynys
Cliff – alls, als, alt, owles; leddra, leder
Coastal Chasm – saun, sawn, zawn
Cave – fogo, fogue, fok, hogo, ogo, vogue; fow, vow
Brink or Shore – gladden, glan
Shore-Land – morrab, morrep
Cove – par, por, porth; pol, poll
Beach or Sand – drayth, dreath, treath, treth
Sand – tewas (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Sandhill or Dune – tewynn, towan (pl: tewennow)
Sea-Side – morva
Sea – mor, vor
Estuary – hayl, hayle, hele, heyl
River – awan, avon
Creek – pol, poll
Stream – goth, gwyth (pl: gwythy), weeth; streth; fros
Brook – cover, gover
Watercourse – aweth; darent, deverhent, deveron, dowrhens
Lake or Inlet of Water – loe, looe, logh
Pool – pol; lagen (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); lidden, lyn, lynn
Spring or Well – fenten, fenter, fonteyn, venton
Stone – maen, mean, men (pl: meyn, mine, vine)
Rock Outcrop – carn, carne, karn
Rock Mass – carrack, carrek, carrick, garrack, karrek
Scree – rajel
Cleft – rill, ryll
Gorge or Ravine – cow-nans, keynans, kownans, kynance; lonk
Precipice or Cliff – clegar, cleger, cligga, kleger
Pit – pol
Hundred – keverang, keveren, kevran
Region or District – bro
Parish – plu
Manor – maner (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Demesne Land – sawls, sols (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Feudal Estate – fe
Glebe Land – sentry
Monastic Land – meneague, meneghek, meneghi
Sacred Place – neved, neves
Town – drea, dra, tre, tref, trev (pl: trevow, trevy)
Village or Hamlet – pender, pendra; drea, dra, tre, tref, trev (pl: trevow, trevy)
Street or Road – stret
Road or Way – fordh, forth, vor (pl: fordhow, vorrow); hens, hent
Lane – bownder, vounder
Church – egglose, eglishe, eglos, eglosse, hecglos
Chapel or Cell – mynster; chapel; log
Sacred Enclosure – la, ladden, lam, lan, land
Monastic Cell – lok
Hermitage – teghyty (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), tehidi
Sanctuary – meneghy, menehee, mennay
Martyr or Chapel dedicated to Martyr – merther
Lazar-House – clodgy, clojy, clavjy
Mine – huel, wheal, whel
Open Mine – coffen; laun (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); mungler, mungleth
Tin Working – bal
Tin Stamps – stampys
Tin Stream – whel hal
Clay Ground – pryek, pryennek
Quarry – mengleth, mingle, mungler, vangler
Smithy – govel
Workshop – joppa, shoppa
Forge – tanjy
Oven or Kiln – forn, vorn
Mill – melin, mellin, mellon, melyn, vellan
Mill-House – bolingey, melindji, melynjy, valency
Mansion – place, plas
Homestead – drea, dra, tre, tref, trev (pl: treven)
House – che, chi, chy, jy, tji
Dwelling – anneth, bo, bod, bos
Winter Dwelling – gwavas, gwavos
Old Farmstead – hendra
Summer Farm – hafos, hewas
Autumn Farm – knavas, kynewas, kynyafos
Barn or Grange – grenjy, grunjy
Barn or Shed – skibber, skyber (pl: skyberyow)
Hut, Shed or Sty – crow, crowdy, crowjy
Stable – stabel (pl: stabylyow)
Dairy or Milkhouse – laity, lety
Cow-Yard – buorth
Beast-House – chyvylas (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Cattle-Shed – gredy, grejy
Cow-House – bowgee, bowjy
Cow-Pen – bowlan
Bullock-House – lonjy
Calf-House – lughty, lutey
Sheep-Cot – devetty (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Sheep-Fold – corlan, gorland, gurlyn
Rabbit Warren – conery
Market – maraz, marghas
Sunk Well – peath, peeth, pyth
Gate – jet, yet
Bridge – ponds, pons, pont (pl: poniou, ponsow)
Cart-Bridge – carbence, carbis, carbons, carbus, karrbons
Weir – crew, krew
Ford – les, red, res, rit, rys, tres
Ferry – keybalhens, kybyllys; treth
Gallows – cloghprenyer, comprigney; crogla, grogley, grugla
Cemetary – gwydh-lann
Grave – bedhow, beth
Cross – crows, grouse
Ruin – magor
Ancient Hut or Ruin – crellas (pl: crellow)
Hillfort or Fortification – deen, dennis, din, dinan, dinas, dyn, dynas, tin
Fort or Round – caer, cair, car, gear, ker
Lookout Place – galva, goel-va, olva, olver
Beacon – golowva
Mound or Barrow – begel, creeg, crug, cruk; tomen, tubban
Long Stone – menear, menheere, menhir, menhyr, mynheer
Bound-Stone – men-nos, men-or, or-men
Water – dever, devr, dour, dower, dowr; lyr (pl: lyryon)
Ore – moon, mun
Tin – stean, sten
Clay – pry
Trees – gwydh
Timber or Tree – predn, pren (pl: prenyer)
Peat or Turf – toor, towargh
Grass – gwels
Clover – mullyon
Hay – fon (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), vaughan, vorn; gora (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Corn – ese, ys
Wheat – gwaneth
Barley – barlys (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985); heth
Oats – kergh (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), kerth
Naked Oats – pilles, pylas
Rye – segol, sugal
Hemp – kewargh (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985), kuer
Beans – fa, faf
Water-Cress – beler
Corn Marigold – both, bothen
Milk – leth
Beef – bowyn
Beast – myl (pl: mylas) (Nance, rejected by Padel, 1985)
Ox – adjan, again, ojyon, udgeon
Cattle – gwarthek, warrack
Cow – bew, bugh, view
Bull – tarow
Bullock – lodn, lon
Calf – lugh (pl: lughy)
Pig – hogh (pl: mogh, mow); porghel, porral (pl: porghelly)
Sow – gwis
Sheep – davas (pl: deves)
Wether Sheep – mols (pl: mels)
Ram – hor, horth (pl: hordhas)
Lamb – on, oan (pl: ean, eanes, en, enas)
Shepherd – beagle, bugel
Goat – gevar (pl: gever, gyfras)
Horse – mar, margh, marth (pl: marghas, marras, mergh, vere, vergh); ? kevyll
Colt – ebel, ebol
Deer or Hind – ewyk, uick
Red Deer – heth
Stag – carow, karow
Roebuck – yaw, yorgh, yorth
Hen – yar (pl: yer)
Pullet or Bantam – mabyar
Duck – hos (pl: heidi, hevjy, higey)
Goose – goedh, gooth, goth (pl: godhow)
Pure White – can
White – gwidden, gwyn, gwynn, quidden, widn, win, wyn
Black – dew, dhu, du, due, jew, thew
Green – gwer, gwyrth
Green, Grey or Blue – glas, glaze, las, laze
Grey – loose, los, lot, loys, luit, luz
Red – rudh, ruth
Yellow – melen, velen
© Chris Bond 2005-8
Published gratis by The Cornovia Press, Cornwall
