Dolcoath mine – Queen of Mines, Dolcoath, Camborne

History

The mineral rights were owned by the Basset family of Tehidy

who are recorded on a deed in 1588 as leasing the ground to a family

called Crane. By 1720 the mine was being worked for copper,^[1] and it was almost 300 feet (91 m) deep in 1746,^[2] when William Borlase called it a "very considerable mine".^[3] In 1778 it was nearly 600 feet (180 m) deep, according to William Price.^[3] The mine closed in 1787 because the large amount of copper ore that was being cheaply mined from Parys Mountain on Anglesey had depressed the price. However the price of copper slowly recovered and the mine reopened in 1799.^[3]

Of around 470 copper-producing mines in Cornwall and Devon, Dolcoath became the fifth largest.^[4] But as depth increased the copper died out, and by 1832 the mine was in danger of closing. However the mine captain, Charles Thomas,

was convinced that tin ore would be found deeper down and after

disagreements with the shareholders his faith was repaid and the first

tin dividend was paid in 1853.^[3]

By 1882 the mine had reached a depth of 2,160 feet (660 m) and

had 12 miles (19 km) of tunnels passable by men and a further 40 miles

(64 km) of old workings which had become unused and impassable. In 1893

there was a major accident at the 412-fathom level (see below). In 1895

it took men employed in the lower levels between 2 and 3 hours to go

down and return to the surface, so they could not work more than 4–5

hours a day.^[5]

Dolcoath became the largest and deepest mine in Cornwall, with its

principal shaft, known as New Sump Shaft, eventually reaching a depth of

3,300 feet (1,000 m) below the surface.^[6]

The pumping engine that worked this shaft dated from 1815; a piece of

the cast iron bob from this engine is preserved in the collection of the

Trevithick Society.^[7]

This engine originally had a 76-inch-diameter (1,900 mm) cylinder, but

this had to be replaced with an 85-inch (2,200 mm) cylinder when it was

not powerful enough to cope with the deepening shaft. The rebuilt engine

was so large that there was not enough room in the engine house for the stairs, so a unique wooden extension was built on the back to house them.^[8]

In 1895 it was decided to reconstruct the company as a limited company,

replacing the old cost book system under which most Cornish mines had

traditionally been run. A new shaft, named the Williams Shaft after the

first chairman of the new company, was started in October 1895, intended

to be the first 3,000-foot (910 m) vertical shaft in Cornwall. It was

completed in 1910 and came into use the next year.^[6]

In 1920 when the mine had become virtually worked out and following

the tin price collapse (new deposits were also being found elsewhere in

the world) Dolcoath finally closed. The company was reconstructed in

1923 when fresh capital was raised and a new 2,000-foot (610 m) circular

shaft was sited north of the old mine at Roskear.^[9] The New Dolcoath Mine was actually an amalgamation of several smaller mines including Stray Park and Roskear. In 1936 Dolcoath's sett was purchased by South Crofty.